AboutAI

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory has created software that uses colonies of borg-like cyberrobots it says will help government agencies detect and fend off attacks on the nation’s computer network infrastructure.

The Ubiquitous Network Transient Autonomous Mission Entities (Untame) differs from traditional security software agents in that its cybot “entities” form collectives that are mutually aware of the condition and activities of other bots in their colony (PDF).

When these cybots detect network intruders, they communicate with one another, preventing cybercrooks from creating and using a diversion in one spot within the network to then break through in another.

“The cybots are an inherent part of Untame’s software, designed to do cybersecurity,” Joe Trien, a team leader from the lab’s Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, said in an interview with the Daily Beacon. “Most enterprises have intrusion detection centers set up in key spots, but they don’t communicate with each other. But a cybot is intended to work with other cybots, continue their mission, or regenerate when necessary so they can pick up where one left off” (PDF).

The U.S. Department of Energy commissioned the software, in response to criticism from Congress (PDF) over security lapses. It hopes for an “intelligent, self-healing, intrusion detection and prevention system” capable of real-time response and defense, one that can learn to avoid false positives and relieve human operators from sloughing through low-level alerts.

The concept of mobile, autonomous software is not one that commercial software developers have embraced, said Lawrence MacIntyre, who is also working on the project. “When you tell people you’ve got this software that roams, the first thing they think of is a worm,” he said.

Trien says Untame is more analogous to the Borg from “Star Trek,” only benign. Plus, it would be bound by mission directives to monitor and protect its assigned cyberinfrastructure–not assimilate humanity.

Source:

Mark Rutherford is a West Coast-based freelance writer. He is a member of the CNET Blog Network, and is not an employee of CNET. Email him at markr@milapp.com. Disclosure.

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In the coming months, IBM will unveil technology that it believes will vastly improve the way computers access and use data by unifying the different schools of thought surrounding artificial intelligence.

The Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) is an XML-based data retrieval architecture under development at IBM. UIMA will greatly expand and enhance the retrieval techniques underlying databases, said Alfred Spector, vice president of services and software at IBM’s Research division.

UIMA “is something that becomes part of a database, or, more likely, something that databases access,” he said. “You can sense things almost all the time. You can effect change in automated or human systems much more.”

Once incorporated into systems, UIMA could allow cars to obtain and display real-time data on traffic conditions and on average auto speeds on freeways, or it could let factories regulate their own fuel consumption and optimally schedule activities. Automated language translation and natural language processing also would become feasible.

The theory underlying UIMA is the Combination Hypothesis, which states that statistical machine learning–the sort of data-ranking intelligence behind search site Google–syntactical artificial intelligence, and other techniques can be married in the relatively near future.

“If we apply in parallel the techniques that different artificial intelligence schools have been proponents of, we will achieve a multiplicative reduction in error rates,” Spector said. “We’re beginning to apply the Combination Hypothesis, and that is going to happen a lot this year. I think you will begin to see this rolling out in technologies that people use over the next few years. It isn’t that far away.

“There is more progress in this happening than has happened, despite the fact that the Nasdaq is off its peak,” he added.

The results of current, major UIMA experiments will be disclosed to analysts around March, with public disclosures to follow, sources at IBM said.

Although it’s been alternately touted and debunked, the era of functional artificial intelligence may be dawning. For one thing, the processing power and data-storage capabilities required for thinking machines are now coming into existence.

Researchers also have refined more acutely the algorithms and concepts behind artificially intelligent software.

Additionally, the explosive growth of the Internet has created a need for machines that can function relatively autonomously. In the future, both businesses and individuals simply will own far more computers than they can manage–spitting out more data than people will be able to mentally absorb on their own. The types of data on the Net–audio, text, visual–will also continue to grow.

XML, meanwhile, provides an easy way to share and classify data, which makes it easier to apply intelligence technology into the computing environment. “The database industry will undergo more change in the next three years than it has in the last 20 due to the emergence of XML,” Spector said.

A new order
Artificial intelligence in a sense will function like a filter. Sensors will gather data from the outside world and send it to a computer, which in turn will issue the appropriate actions, alerting its human owners only when necessary.

When it comes to Web searching, humans will make a query, and computers will help them refine it so that only the relevant data, rather than 14 pages of potential Web sites, match.

IBM’s approach to artificial intelligence has been decidedly agnostic. There are roughly two basic schools of thought in artificial intelligence. Statistical learning advocates believe that the best guide for thinking machines is memory.

Based in part on the mathematical theories of 18th century clergyman Thomas Bayes, statistical theory essentially states that the future, or current events, can be identified by what occurred in the past. Google search results, for example, are laundry lists of sites other individuals examined after posing similar queries ranked in a hierarchy. Voice-recognition applications work under the same principle.

By contrast, rules-based intelligence advocates, broken down into syntactical and grammatical schools of thought, believe that machines work better when more aware of context.

A search for “Italian Pet Rock” on a statistically intelligent search engine, for example, might return sites about the 1970s novelty. A rules-based application, by contrast, might realize you mistyped the Italian poet Petrarch. A Google search on UIMA turned up the Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art as the first selection.

“The combination of grammatical, statistical, advanced statistical (and) semantics will probably be needed to do this, but you can’t do it without a common architecture,” Spector said. Thinking in humans, after all, isn’t completely understood.

“It’s not exactly clear how children learn. I’m convinced it’s statistically initially, but then at a certain point you will see…it is not just statistical,” he said. “They are reasoning. It’s remarkable.”

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Intel is back, pitching its processors for gaming graphics. The chipmaker will attempt to promote its silicon for sophisticated game effects at the upcoming Game Developers Conference in March, as it strives to make a case for quad-core processors in lieu of graphics chips from Nvidia and Advanced Micro Devices.

The pitch goes like this: “Learn how to easily add real-time 3D smoke, fog and other fluid simulations to your game without using up the GPU.” That’s according to an Intel Web page entitled Intel at Game Developers Conference. (The CPU is the central processing unit, or main brains of a computer; GPU stands for graphics processing unit.)

 

The session abstract goes on to say that the “source code to a fluid simulator optimized for multi-core CPUs…can easily be integrated by game developers into their engines to produce unique 3D effects.”

Intel’s argument raises the question, how should the CPU and GPU divvy up their tasks? In games, the CPU can handle things like physics and AI (artificial intelligence), and certain older games actually run some graphics on the CPU. Generally, however, the GPU is much more efficient (that is, faster) at handling most of the high-end effects that the gamer sees on the screen.

But there are exceptions. “Not all algorithms and processes map well to a GPU,” said Jon Peddie, president of Jon Peddie Research. “You have to have a problem that is naturally parallel, and except for the rendering of, say, a water surface and subsurface and reflections, the wave motion equations will run just fine on a CPU,” Peddie said.

Intel may also be seeking ways to make better use of its quad-core processors, according to Tom R. Halfhill, an analyst at the Microprocessor Report. But, he added: “I need to be convinced that a CPU can do those 3D effects better than a GPU can.”

Then, there’s also the Larrabee factor. Larrabee is an upcoming high-end graphics processor due late this year. “I’m sure some of it may also relate to Larrabee, which will include x86 cores, if or when it comes to market,” said Jim McGregor, an analyst at In-Stat.

(This Mythbusters demonstration at an Nvidia conference is oversimplified and self-serving but it crystallizes the difference between CPUs and GPUs.)

In another GDC session, Intel is also pushing the CPU for physics and AI: “How can your game have more accurate physics, smarter AI, more particles, and/or a faster frame-rate? By threading your game’s engine to take advantage of multi-core processors. Intel has built a threaded game engine and demo called ‘Smoke’ that shows one way of achieving this goal,” the abstract states.

It continues: “This presentation examines the Smoke architecture and how it is designed to take advantage of all CPU cores available within a system. It does this by executing different functional and data blocks in parallel to utilize all available cores.”

Intel won’t stop there. It will also focus on the bane of many PC game developers: gaming on Intel integrated graphics silicon–a relatively low-performance platform that prohibits game titles from being displayed in all their glory at higher resolutions. The session will focus on “programming for scalable graphics applications” and cover “performance considerations when programming for integrated graphics in general with specific tips for Intel Integrated graphics.”

source:
Brooke Crothers is a former editor at large at CNET News.com, and has been an editor for the Asian weekly version of the Wall Street Journal. He writes for the CNET Blog Network, and is not a current employee of CNET. Contact him at mbcrothers@gmail.com. Disclosure.

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Starting this summer, some of the world’s leading thinkers in exponentially growing technologies will be gathering annually at NASA Ames Research Center, in the heart of Silicon Valley, for 10 weeks of discussions on how to change the future. And you could join them. The gatherings will be part of what is known as Singularity University, a brand-new academic institution co-founded by inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil, X Prize chairman and CEO Peter Diamandis, and former Yahoo Brickhouse head Salim Ismail, and anyone can apply.

Singularity University is less a traditional university and more an institution that will feature intensive 10-week, 10-day, or 3-day programs examining a set of 10 technologies and disciplines, such as future studies and forecasting; biotechnology and bioinformatics; nanotechnology; AI, robotics, and cognitive computing; and finance and entrepreneurship.

The founders anticipate that students will come from all over the world, and they hope the program results in the founding of new companies, the evolution of scientific and technological thinking, and the solidifying of professional and personal networks among the highly-accomplished students and faculty.

To Kurzweil, Singularity University is a place to problem-solve and talk about the results of the most recent iterations of the exponentially growing technologies that have shaped modern life. Among them, he said, are vacuum tubes, integrated circuits, chips and microprocessors.

Now, he said, we are on the threshold of an explosion of the newest such technology, including 3D and self-organizing molecular circuits. And to Kurzweil, the ability to bring together the leaders in this wide range of fields is a rare opportunity to jump-start the future. (The program’s name is based on the theories Kurzweil popularized in his best-selling book The Singularity is Near.)

For Diamandis, who previously co-founded the International Space University (a space studies program on which Singularity University will be modeled), the idea of building an interdisciplinary academic institution around the concepts of exponentially growing trends seemed natural–and powerful.

So, after bringing together 50 leading thinkers for a founding conference at NASA Ames, Kurzweil, Diamandis, and Ismail got the backing of Ames’ director, Pete Worden, and a commitment of space at the center–a highly visual Silicon Valley landmark along highway 101–for the annual summer programs.

In addition to the core 10-week course, which will be open to graduate and post-graduate students, Singularity University will also offer 3-day and 10-day executive programs. The shorter version will be targeted at CEOs and CTOs, while the 10-day program will be aimed at rising-star executives who want to add to their knowledge and networks.

“These programs are there to give executives a look at what’s in the lab today,” said Diamandis, “and what is likely to hit the marketplace in the next 5 to 10 years.”

This summer, Singularity University will kick off with just 30 or so students and will piggyback on the International Space University, which will host 120 students at NASA Ames. But in following years, the new institution is expected to expand to about 120 students, each of whom could be the next Larry Page or Sergey Brin.

“If we do our job correctly,” Diamandis said, students “will meet, (discover their) common visions, and start companies together. They’ll have a chance to match a nanotech expert from Russia with an AI expert from Silicon Valley and see what magic happens at the boundaries.”

As evidence of how seriously many people in the fields of focus take Singularity University, it has pulled together what can only be described as a very impressive roster of faculty.

Among them are The Sims and Spore creator Will Wright; George Smoot, a professor at the University of California at Berkeley and winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics; Dan Kammen, co-director of the Berkeley Institute of the Environment and winner of the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize; Vint Cerf, Google’s chief Internet evangelist; and Stephanie Langhoff, NASA Ames’ chief scientist.

Befitting the serious nature of the program, its curriculum is not for the faint of heart. The first phase, said Diamandis, is a series of plenary lectures in which all students take the same coursework and learn together about each of the 10 disciplines.

“It’s about learning the vocabulary” of the disciplines, Diamandis said, “the basic principles, so they can communicate better between themselves.”

In the second phase, students will take deep dives into one of the 10 tracks, typically not one in which they already specialize, learning together in 10-person classes.

And in the final phase, the entire student body will come together to work on a team project.

“This is where the student body will focus as a group in taking on one of the world’s grand challenges,” said Diamandis, dealing “with global hunger, pandemics, climate change,” or something similar.

And while the program’s students can expect to work very hard and be deeply immersed in their studies, the faculty will be equally challenged.

“It caused all of us who were invited to be faculty to pause and think about it,” said Paul Saffo, a Silicon Valley-based forecaster who is teaching in the Singularity University program. “We’re expected to be there for the full nine weeks, which is a breathtaking commitment of time.”

But for Saffo, who is helping to organize the future studies and forecasting track with Kurzweil, being intimately involved with the program at every level is precisely the point.

“The real benefit of teaching is being able to participate,” Saffo said. “It would be a waste of time to just show up, give a couple of lectures, and leave.”

And while their involvement at any level would bring Singularity University the prestige it needs to recruit talented students and faculty, both Kurzweil and Diamandis said they would be teaching each summer.

For Kurzweil, that means teaching some of the future studies and forecasting classes, and for Diamandis, it means helping to build the curriculum and teaching where he is needed.

The students, meanwhile, will need to pony up some serious money to take part in Singularity University. The base fee for the 10-week program is $25,000, though Diamandis said that there will be a significant number of full and partial scholarships available, funded by private companies, and other contributors.

Ultimately, the results of Singularity University won’t be known for some time. But given the people behind it and the likelihood of a steady stream of highly talented students, the odds of it producing the kind of deep thinking and world-changing technology the founders hope for are good.

“I have no doubt that society gets ever more complex, and the consequences of ever-growing technology become ever more difficult to anticipate and respond to,” said Saffo. “So having a 10-week program of smart, committed people looking at the challenges from an interdisciplinary point of view can only be a good thing.”

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