Although the system is still new, it has already produced massive interest and excitement among technology pundits and internet watchers. Computer experts believe the new search engine will be an evolutionary leap in the development of the internet. Nova Spivack, an internet and computer expert, said that Wolfram Alpha could prove just as important as Google. “It is really impressive and significant,” he wrote. “In fact it may be as important for the web (and the world) as Google, but for a different purpose.

Tom Simpson, of the blog Convergenceofeverything.com, said: “What are the wider implications exactly? A new paradigm for using computers and the web? Probably. Emerging artificial intelligence and a step towards a self-organising internet? Possibly… I think this could be big.”

Wolfram Alpha will not only give a straight answer to questions such as “how high is Mount Everest?”, but it will also produce a neat page of related information – all properly sourced – such as geographical location and nearby towns, and other mountains, complete with graphs and charts.

The real innovation, however, is in its ability to work things out “on the fly”, according to its British inventor, Dr Stephen Wolfram. If you ask it to compare the height of Mount Everest to the length of the Golden Gate Bridge, it will tell you. Or ask what the weather was like in London on the day John F Kennedy was assassinated, it will cross-check and provide the answer. Ask it about D sharp major, it will play the scale. Type in “10 flips for four heads” and it will guess that you need to know the probability of coin-tossing. If you want to know when the next solar eclipse over Chicago is, or the exact current location of the International Space Station, it can work it out.

Dr Wolfram, an award-winning physicist who is based in America, added that the information is “curated”, meaning it is assessed first by experts. This means that the weaknesses of sites such as Wikipedia, where doubts are cast on the information because anyone can contribute, are taken out. It is based on his best-selling Mathematica software, a standard tool for scientists, engineers and academics for crunching complex maths.

“I’ve wanted to make the knowledge we’ve accumulated in our civilisation computable,” he said last week. “I was not sure it was possible. I’m a little surprised it worked out so well.”

Dr Wolfram, 49, who was educated at Eton and had completed his PhD in particle physics by the time he was 20, added that the launch of Wolfram Alpha later this month would be just the beginning of the project.

“It will understand what you are talking about,” he said. “We are just at the beginning. I think we’ve got a reasonable start on 90 per cent of the shelves in a typical reference library.”

The engine, which will be free to use, works by drawing on the knowledge on the internet, as well as private databases. Dr Wolfram said he expected that about 1,000 people would be needed to keep its databases updated with the latest discoveries and information.

He also added that he would not go down the road of storing information on ordinary people, although he was aware that others might use the technology to do so.

Wolfram Alpha has been designed with professionals and academics in mind, so its grasp of popular culture is, at the moment, comparatively poor. The term “50 Cent” caused “absolute horror” in tests, for example, because it confused a discussion on currency with the American rap artist. For this reason alone it is unlikely to provide an immediate threat to Google, which is working on a similar type of search engine, a version of which it launched last week.

“We have a certain amount of popular culture information,” Dr Wolfram said. “In some senses popular culture information is much more shallowly computable, so we can find out who’s related to who and how tall people are. I fully expect we will have lots of popular culture information. There are linguistic horrors because if you put in books and music a lot of the names clash with other concepts.”

He added that to help with that Wolfram Alpha would be using Wikipedia’s popularity index to decide what users were likely to be interested in.

With Google now one of the world’s top brands, worth $100bn, Wolfram Alpha has the potential to become one of the biggest names on the planet.

Dr Wolfram, however, did not rule out working with Google in the future, as well as Wikipedia. “We’re working to partner with all possible organisations that make sense,” he said. “Search, narrative, news are complementary to what we have. Hopefully there will be some great synergies.”

What the experts say

“For those of us tired of hundreds of pages of results that do not really have a lot to do with what we are trying to find out, Wolfram Alpha may be what we have been waiting for.”

Michael W Jones, Tech.blorge.com

“If it is not gobbled up by one of the industry superpowers, his company may well grow to become one of them in a small number of years, with most of us setting our default browser to be Wolfram Alpha.”

Doug Lenat, Semanticuniverse.com

“It’s like plugging into an electric brain.”

Matt Marshall, Venturebeat.com

“This is like a Holy Grail… the ability to look inside data sources that can’t easily be crawled and provide answers from them.”

Danny Sullivan, editor-in-chief of searchengineland.com

Source: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/an-invention-that-could-change-the-internet-for-ever-1678109.html

Not that it will necessarily have the same kind of consciousness as humans: it is unlikely to be wondering who it is, for instance. To Francis Heylighen, who studies consciousness and artificial intelligence at the Free University of Brussels (VUB) in Belgium, consciousness is merely a system of mechanisms for making information processing more efficient by adding a level of control over which of the brain’s processes get the most resources. “Adding consciousness is more a matter of fine-tuning and increasing control… than a jump to a wholly different level,” Heylighen says.

How might this manifest itself? Heylighen speculates that it might turn the internet into a self-aware network that constantly strives to become better at what it does, reorganising itself and filling gaps in its own knowledge and abilities.

If it is not already semiconscious, we could do various things to help wake it up, such as requiring the net to monitor its own knowledge gaps and do something about them. It shouldn’t be something to fear, says Goertzel: “The outlook for humanity is probably better in the case that an emergent, coherent and purposeful internet mind develops.”

Heylighen agrees, but warns that we might find it a little disappointing. “We probably would not notice a whole lot of a difference, initially,” he says.

And when might this begin? According to Heylighen, it all depends on internet fashion trends. If the effort that has gone into developing social networking sites goes into developing internet consciousness, it could happen within a decade, he says.

Developed by Radar Networks, based in San Francisco, Twine is part bookmarking tool, part social network, and part recommendation engine, helping users collect, manage, and share online information related to any area of interest. For the novice, it can be tricky figuring out exactly where to start. But for experienced users, Twine can be a powerful way to research a subject collaboratively or find people with common interests, with the usual features of a bookmarking site augmented by Twine’s underlying semantic technology.

After creating an account, a user adds a Twine bookmarklet to her browser’s bookmarks, then adds items to her Twine page by clicking the bookmarklet as she surfs the Web. Bookmarks, too, can easily be imported from a browser or from another Web bookmarking service.

Twine uses artificial intelligence–machine learning and natural language processing–to parse the contents of Web pages and extract key concepts, such as people, places, and organizations, from the pages that a user saves. The site then uses these concepts to link information and users. For example, creating a twine–a bundle of bookmarks related to a particular topic–devoted to a specialized technique in computer game design quickly led to the discovery of twines (created by other users) devoted to other areas of game design and to twines devoted to a popular game that uses the technique. It also led to other users interested in the subject. Twine is also meant to automatically generate tags, descriptions, and summaries of bookmarked Web pages. In the preview, or beta, version, this feature didn’t always work properly, but Nova Spivack, CEO of Radar Networks, says that the functionality has been improved ahead of the public launch. Twines offer a hub for collecting, sharing, and discussing information. For example, users have created twines devoted to twentieth-century music, science and technology, philosophy, and cool things found around the Web.

On the surface, Twine looks a lot like many other social-networking applications: users make connections, share, and discuss information, and the artificial intelligence, machine learning, and natural language processing built into the website is not immediately obvious. “The Semantic Web is a technology that’s useful. It’s a means to an end, not an end in itself,” says Spivack. “What we’re doing with this release and going forward is, we’re talking about what you can use Twine for, and the fact that it’s powered by the Semantic Web is a detail for geeks.”

But Jim Hendler, a professor of computer science at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a member of Twine’s advisory board, says that Semantic Web technologies can set Twine apart from other social-networking sites. This could be true, so long as users learn to take advantage of those technologies by paying attention to recommendations and following the threads that Twine offers them. Users could easily miss this, however, by simply throwing bookmarks into Twine without getting involved in public twines or connecting to other users.

It would be nice to be able to use Twine for a few more specialized purposes. For example, it seems ideal for finding events related to areas of interest–indie rock bands playing in Boston, for example. But the current interface deals awkwardly with dates. A Twine calendar, which categorizes events intelligently, would be a logical extension of the service. Spivack says that such a feature, as well as further developments, are on the way. As these arrive, and as the company adds more ways to classify data, the real value of the Semantic Web could well start to surface.

http://www.technologyreview.com/web/21583/?a=f

“Ideally, we would understand your question, we would understand all knowledge, and match the two,” Manber said.

That’s not possible today, though, so Google takes a shortcut: Google tries to analyze and summarize all content, extend a user’s query into a summary version, and then match the two.

That sounds like a pretty long shortcut, but clearly Google has set its standards and goals very high. “We strive to answer every question, in every language, in a personalized fashion, in less than 100 milliseconds, for free,” Manber said.

In Manber’s view, humans are a puzzle only beginning to be unlocked. “The 20th century was about conquering nature. The 21st will be about understanding people,” he said, and computing is following suit. “The largest computing clusters in operation today are doing search, e-mail, social networking.”

Google starts opening up
Google is notoriously secretive about exactly how it decides which results to show in response to a particular query–a subject of high interest to companies counting on high placement or people hoping embarrassing Web pages will fade away–but the company has begun opening up. Manber promised in a blog posting in May to shed more light on search quality in coming months.

Manber shared several details about Google’s search quality process in his speech. For one thing, he said, there are more than 100 “signals” the company uses to determine the order of search results. Signals can be anything from language to location to a person’s previous search behavior–the latter only if the user enabled Google’s search history feature that personalizes results.

He also said the company has a team of “dozens” who do nothing but analyze the quality of search results, where quality is measured by hundreds of charts. These employees support the engineers who try to improve the search results, and Google wants those engineers to experiment with new search quality methods, Manber said.

Frictionless engineering
“The basic idea is to remove friction from engineers…An engineer with an idea does not ask for permission,” he said. Instead, the engineer tries the experiment, and Google meets once or twice a week to judge by the data whether the changes should be incorporated into Google’s main search results.

These experiments take place on a dedicated cluster of servers, Manber said. “My group at Google has at its disposal many thousands of machines, with storage measured in petabytes,” Manber said. “This is just for our own use, not for satisfying your queries.”

Google also tests search algorithm changes on users, different groups of whom receive different search results through a comparison process called split A/B testing. The end result: Google adopts search changes quickly and frequently. Google made 450 search algorithm changes in 2007, for example.

“We opened the way for any engineer to go improve things. Mostly because it’s based on data,” Manber said. “There is no separation of research and development. Everyone does both.”

Tough nuts to crack
Manber appears to take a perverse pleasure in difficult searches, relishing the fact that expectations for search match the rising capability and size of Google’s infrastructure.

He cited as examples out a series of searches whose intent generally seemed clear enough to a human: southeast utah news-airplane crash 10/25/06, hairstyles for ears that stick out, inflammation and pain under my rib, what is answer to this math problem 6x/10x, how many calories in a pound, if real number show else error blank excel. Of that collection, Google only provided good answers to the inflamed rib query, he said.

Straightforward queries also can be tricky. Google uses context to gauge what exactly “GM” stands for General Motors in the query “GM cars” but genetically modified in the query “GM foods.” Google offers various advanced search options, but its general policy is to use its single search box for everything.

“We have to understand as much as we can user intent and give them the answer they need,” Manber said.

Source:

http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9972034-7.html?tag=nefd.top